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The Tractatus de herbis Treatise on Herbs , sometimes called Secreta Salernitana Secrets of Salerno , is a textual and figural tradition of herbals handed down through several illuminated manuscripts of the late Middle Ages.
These treatises present pure plant, mineral, or animal substances with therapeutic properties. Depending on the version, there are between and over entries, grouped in alphabetical order. Originating in Italy, they were distributed throughout Europe and contributed to the transmission and popularity of the pharmacopeia of the Salerno School of Medicine. The illustrations in these manuscripts attracted the attention of art historians from the s onwards, due to their descriptive value, which was interpreted as a revival of Greek botanical illustration.
Some of these plant images represent the first studies based on nature since Antiquity. The original Latin text, whose author remains unknown, comes from Circa instans , a work from the second half of the 12th century attributed to Matthaeus Platearius , and written in the Salernitan milieu. It is augmented by extracts from other late antique and early medieval sources, such as Pseudo-Apuleius , Arabic medicine handed down by Constantine the African , medieval Latin versions of Dioscorides ' work, Isaac Israeli 's dietary principles, and perhaps includes pharmaco-botanical knowledge from oral tradition.
The origins of the tradition and the exact function of herbariums remain obscure and debated. While the earliest manuscripts were probably compiled as true scientific treatises, some derivative versions are more like prestige creations intended for a wealthy elite. Despite competition in the early 15th century from more naturalistic works, such as the Herbarium Carrarense , the schematic, flattened images of the Tractatus de herbis enjoyed over two centuries of popularity, before being definitively sidelined by the shimmering exoticism of New World plants.
The title Tractatus de herbis appears for the first time in a late 18th-century catalog of the Estense Library in Modena, to designate, within a collection of larger medical texts, a specific treatise on medical matters in Latin attributed to Dioscorides.